What does budget vs. actual mean?
A budget sets an expectation for a defined period, account, department, project, or other business dimension. Actuals are the recorded results for the comparable period. The variance is the difference between those two values. For expense budgets, actual spending above plan often requires explanation. For revenue, actuals below plan may signal a shortfall. The sign alone is not enough; context matters.
Plan
What we expected
Approved assumptions and timing.
Actual
What was recorded
Consistently coded transactions.
Variance
What needs context
A signal to explain and act on.